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Introduction@#In Mongolia, data on the etiology and risk factors of cardioembolic stroke (CES) is scarce and few clinical studies have been performed to date. Timely identification and control of cardiovascular risk factors are priority objectives for adequate primary and secondary prevention of CES.@*Goal@#The goal of this study was to describe risk factors for CES in our setting. @*Results@#The case-control study enrolled a total of 525 subjects. CES was detected in 63 (35.7%) out of 176 (33.5%) ischemic stroke patients with a predominance in age group of 60-69 and men (33%). The main risk factor of CES was non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). AF especially paroxysmal AF increased the risk of CES by 4.6 times (p=<0.0001, OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.4-44.6). The second main cerebrovascular risk factors were hypertension and dyslipidemia.@*Conclusion@#CES accounted for 1/3 of ischemic stroke. The commonest underlying medical conditions were non-valvular atrial fibrillation, hypertension, dyslipidemia, alcohol consumption and obesity. Hence, all patients with hypertension and non-valvular AF should be meticulously screened for prevention of CES.
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Humans , Atherosclerosis , Atrial Fibrillation , Biomarkers , Logistic Models , Negotiating , Risk Factors , Seoul , Stroke , TransferasesABSTRACT
Introdução: A fibrilação atrial (FA) é a causa mais comum de AVC cardioembólico. Esse artigo científico pretende quantificar o número total de pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral cardioembólico portadores de fibrilação atrial prévia, o seguimento do tratamento e a taxa de recorrência. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo (de abril de 2014 a abril de 2015) cujos dados foram extraídos da base JOINVASC e organizados em uma tabela no programa Excel®. Os dados registrados incluíram o total de pacientes que apresentaram AVC cardioembólico inicial ou recorrência de AVC que eram portadores de FA e o uso de medicação anticoagulante ou não. Resultados e conclusões: 49 pacientes com FA conhecida foram encontrados. Desses, 46 receberam anticoagulante após AVC e apenas 3 não receberam tratamento anticoagulante. Entre os pacientes que receberam anticoagulação, 27 usaram varfarina, 3 usaram apixabana, 3 rivaroxabana, 2 dabigatrana e 1 femprocumona. Durante 2 anos, o controle de seguimento foi realizado com os 49 pacientes com FA conhecida, os 3 que não receberam tratamento anticoagulante não sofreram recidiva de AVC ou apresentaram outra comorbidade associada a causas vasculares. Estudo com número maior de sujeitos faz-se necessário para esclarecer o achado de desfecho favorável nos pacientes que não receberam medicação anticoagulante.
Introduction: Atrial fibrillation is the most commonly cause of cardioembolic stroke. This article aim to quantify the total number of patients with cardioembolic stroke that had preview atrial fibrillation, the outcoming of the treatment and if had any recurrence. Methods: It's a retrospective study (April 2014 through April 2015), the data will be registered in a table in the Excel® program, extracted from the data collected from the JOINVASC study of patients who had an initial cardioembolic stroke or recurrence of stroke who had AF and data from the medical record, recording the use or not of anticoagulant and which class. Results and conclusions: In a total of 49 patients with known AF, 46 received anticoagulant after stroke, and only 3 did not receive anticoagulant treatment. Among patients who received anticoagulation, 27 used warfarin, 3 used apixaban, 3 rivaroxaban, 2 dabigatran and 1 phenprocoumon. For 2 years follow-up control was performed with the 49 patients with known AF, the 3 who chose not to receive anticoagulant treatment, after 2 years they had not relapsed or some comorbidity associated with vascular causes. The authors suggest a new study with a larger N, since it can not be affirmed that the non-use is positive.
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Objective To determine the value of using B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and D-dimer in preliminary recognition of cardioembolic stroke patients.Methods A mutilple-center study was conducted in Foshan Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and its affiliated hospitals from July 2015 to July 2016.In the emergency departments (EDs),emergency physicians prospectively assessed consecutive adult patients with acute cardioembolic stroke and measured plasma BNP by POCT platform on admission,then followed up.Stroke neurologists evaluated patients' functional outcome at hospital discharge and also made discharge diagnosis and stroke etiologic subtypes according to the TOAST criteria.Results In this study,290 acute ischemic stroke patients met the study criteria [mean age (68.41 ± 12.06) years;53.8％ female].Of the enrolled patients,28.3％ were diagnosed with LAA at discharge,17.9％ with CE,42.8％ with SAO,11.0％ with SOE or SUE.And the mean BNP concentration was significantly higher in the CE group than that in other three subtypes (P ＜ 0.001).After adjustment for multiple clinical predictors like gender,age,coronary artery disease,atrial fibrillation and renal function,BNP and D-dimer were associated with CE [BNP OR:1.044 (95％ CI 1.025,1.064),P ＜ 0.001;D-dimer OR:1.511(95％ CI 1.020,2.238),P =0.039,respectively].Conclusion Through POCT technique in the EDs,cardioembolic stroke patients can be differentiated from other TOAST subtypes.BNP with/without D-dimer has good but different corresponding diagnostic performance in preliminary recognition of cardioembolic stroke patients.
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Background: Strokes are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Majority are due to ischemic cerebral infarction. Ischemia may result from occlusion of blood vessels due to a disease process intrinsic to carotid and intracranial vessels or may relate to coexisting heart diseases, predisposing to embolic phenomenon. Objective: Echocardiographic study in patients with cerebrovascular accident, confirmed to be of non hemorrhagic nature on CT scan/MRI, for evidence of potential cardiac abnormalities as a predisposing cause for the vascular event. Material and Methods: An observational study was conducted in department of medicine, GNDH, Amritsar. 50 patients of ischemic stroke were taken and 2D transthoracic echocardiography was done to find potential cardioembolic abnormalities. Results: 76% of patients had echocardiographic abnormalities and 42% had potential cardioembolic abnormalities, out of which most common were ventricular wall hypokinesia, calcific aortic valve, rheumatic heart disease and dilated cardiomyopathy. The prevalence was almost similar in different age groups and both the sexes. Conclusion: Prevalence of potential cardioembolic abnormalities is high (42%) in ischemic stroke patients and 2D echocardiography is therefore recommended in the management and secondary prevention of cardioembolic stroke, which has a higher mortality and more chances of recurrence than atherothrombotic type of ischemic stroke.
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OBJECTIVE: Atrial fibrillation is a common arrhythmia that increases the risk of stroke by four- to five-fold. We aimed to establish a profile of patients with atrial fibrillation from a population of patients admitted with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack using clinical and echocardiographic findings. METHODS: We evaluated patients consecutively admitted to a tertiary hospital with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Subjects were divided into an original set (admissions from May 2009 to October 2010) and a validation set (admissions from November 2010 to April 2013). The study was designed as a cohort, with clinical and echocardiographic findings compared between patients with and without atrial fibrillation. A multivariable model was built, and independent predictive factors were used to produce a predictive grading score for atrial fibrillation (Acute Stroke AF Score-ASAS). RESULTS: A total of 257 patients were evaluated from May 2009 to October 2010 and included in the original set. Atrial fibrillation was diagnosed in 17.5% of these patients. Significant predictors of atrial fibrillation in the multivariate analysis included age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scores, and the presence of left atrial enlargement. These predictors were used in the final logistic model. For this model, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.79. The score derived from the logistic regression analysis was The model developed from the original data set was then applied to the validation data set, showing the preserved discriminatory ability of the model (c statistic = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS: Our risk score suggests that the individual risk for atrial fibrillation in patients with acute ischemic stroke can be assessed using simple data, including age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scores at admission, and the presence of left atrial enlargement. .
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Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Atrial Fibrillation/complications , Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis , Ischemic Attack, Transient/etiology , Risk Assessment/methods , Stroke/etiology , Age Factors , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Brazil , Echocardiography , Ischemic Attack, Transient/physiopathology , Multivariate Analysis , Monitoring, Physiologic/methods , Reproducibility of Results , Risk Factors , Sensitivity and Specificity , Stroke/physiopathology , Tertiary Care CentersABSTRACT
Stroke associated with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) is one of the most important subtypes of ischemic stroke, and its importance is becoming even more apparent in an aging population. To assess the risk of stroke associated with NVAF, the CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores are mainly used. Such scores can be used to predict the recurrence and prognosis of ischemic stroke. In addition, new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) and devices are being evaluated in the prevention of stroke associated with NVAF in addition to treatment with the conventional oral anticoagulant, warfarin. Since clinical experience with NOACs is not globally sufficient, a cautious approach is needed.
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Aging , Anticoagulants , Atrial Fibrillation , Prognosis , Recurrence , Stroke , WarfarinABSTRACT
Objective To study the relationship between cardioembolic stroke and plasma BNP by analyzing the plasma BNP level in cardioembolic stroke patients.Methods The clinical data of 81 patients with acute stroke were collected.According to the TOAST classification,all the patients were diagnosed as non-cardioembolic stroke,including atherothrombotic,lacunar,others etiology and undetermined etiology cardioembolic stroke.Blood samples were drawn on emergency department arrival( within 24 hours) to test BNP( assayed by ELISA).The plasma BNP level between non-cardioembolic stroke and cardioembolic stroke was compared.Results Cardiogenic stroke patients with plasma BNP level( 147.5 ±7.8 ) ng/L,atherosclerotic stroke patients level(51.2 ± 5.8) ng/L,lacunar stroke( 39.5 ±10.0)ng/L.Higher levels of BNP were observed in patients with cardioembolic stroke than other stroke subtypes(t =67.8,23.6,17.6,all P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusion The plasma BNP could be used for distinguishing cardioembolic stroke from other stroke subtypes and has great clinical significance in etiologic diagnosis of ischemic stroke subtypes.
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BACKGROUND: Although current guidelines do not recommend immediate anticoagulation therapy (IAC) for acute ischemic stroke, judicious debates are still lingering on whether it might be done for acute cardioembolic stroke (ACES). We surveyed current practice patterns of anticoagulation therapy for ACES in Korea, and analyzed their related factors. METHODS: Using a web-based system, all neurology staffs of training hospitals in Korea surveyed about when and how they commenced anticoagulation therapy in the hypothetical cases with ACES. RESULTS: Of the 359 subjects invited, 281 responded to the e-mail, of whom 76 abstained from participating. The number of participants was therefore 205 (57.1%). Although a few physicians (4.4%) always performed IAC and some (10.7%) never did, most physicians made different decisions according to infarct size and presence of hemorrhagic transformation (HTr): IAC was performed more often in cases with medium-sized or small infarct than large one (68.2% vs. 35.9%, P<0.001), and in cases without HTr (68.6% vs. 34.9%, P<0.001). The most common method of administration was 'heparin followed by warfarin' (68.2%), and then 'warfarin alone' or 'warfarin with aspirin'. If IAC was not commenced, it resumed most commonly between 1 and 2 weeks after the onset (44.0%). CONCLUSION: Quite many neurologists in Korea did IAC in selective ACES, e.g. small sized infarction without HTr. Further studies are needed to prove the efficacy of IAC therapy in this selective population.
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Atrial Fibrillation , Electronic Mail , Heparin , Infarction , Korea , Neurology , Stroke , TaurineABSTRACT
Presentamos el caso de una paciente con cardiomiopatía periparto quien súbitamente presentó hemiplejia flácida, producido por un accidente cerebrovascular de origen cardioembólico con transformación hemorrágica en la evolución. El diagnóstico fue clínico, ecocardiográfico y tomográfico. La evolución del cuadro neurológico fue favorable, con recuperación parcial de la funcionalidad. Se presenta este caso debido a la presentación atípica de una nosología infrecuente: "la cardiomiopatía periparto", cuyas complicaciones suscitaron controversias en el manejo terapéutico.
We report a case of a patient with peripartum cardiomyopathy, who suddenly suffered left hemiplejia. The neurological status was the result of Cardioembolic Stroke which transformed from ischemic to hemorrhagic in evolution. The diagnosis was based on the clinical, echocardiographical and tomographical findings. The evolution of the neurological status improved, nevertheless the cardiac and neurologic disease recovery almost completely. We present this case due the atypical presentation of peripartum cardiomyopathy in this patient, and the neurological complication that generated controversies in its management.
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Humans , Adult , Female , Pregnancy , Stroke , Cardiomyopathies , Heart Failure , Blood Coagulation DisordersABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intracardiac pathology results in 15 - 20% of ischemic stroke, but transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) has a number of limitations because of suboptimal precordial windows or ultrasound interference with prosthetic materials. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) provides superior resolution of basal structures such as the left atrium, left atrial appendage, mitral valvular apparatus, atrial septum, and aorta. The purpose of this study was to describe the various TEE findings which were sources of cerebral emboli. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The study population was comprised of 122 patients (mean age:54.5, male 83, female 39) who were admitted to Severance Hospital because of ischemic stroke from 1991 to 1997. All patients underwent TEE with agitated saline contrast administration. Patients without a definitive cardiac source of embolism underwent Holtor monitoring, internal carotid and cerebral angiography, as well as transcranial Doppler. RESULTS: 1) The number of patients diagnosed as cardioembolic stroke was 55 (45.1%). Atrial fibrillation was noted in 31 patients of cardioembolic stroke and it was the most frequent finding. Among these patients, 16 did not have any other cardiac problem. 2) We were able to find the possible source of embolism in 49 (40.2%) patients with TEE. Among these patients, 12 did not have dysrhythmia or any known previous heart problem. We found spontaneous echo contrast in the left atrium and left atrial appendage in 33 cases. There were 8 patients who had intracardiac thrombus. Among these patients, 6 patients had thrombi in the left atrial appendage, 1 in left atrium and 1 in left ventricular apex. We found patent foramen ovale in 3 cases and atrial aneurysm in 1 case. We found atheromatous plaque and/or thrombi of the aorta in 16 cases, while there were 4 cases where lesions located in the ascending aorta and aortic arch and which were considered as the source of embolism. Small thrombi in the left atrial appendage and left atrium were only detectable with TEE. CONCLUSIONS: We described TEE findings in ischemic stroke patients. And we assert TEE is a useful diagnostic tool in detecting the source of cardioembolic stroke and it may be used as a primary diagnostic tool in patients who are being evaluated for ischemic stroke.